Afro-Caribbean traditions in Concert Dance?

As I consider my intent behind continuing to write on this blog, I decided to change the name of the blog to "Ballet, Dance, and Paul Taylor", since the focus of my writing has shifted over the past year of creating posts. My original venture into blogging was in 2017 to record my six month Fulbright sojourn to India. Then I kept a short blog about being a Fulbright Specialist to New Zealand. 

Portraits from teaching in Goa, India. Photos: Purnendra Meshram

Early last year, 2025, I wanted to offer my perspective on teaching an Adult Beginner Ballet program at the new Taylor Center for Dance Education in New York City, this blog was the result. Over time, it evolved into how my life in dance shapes my perspectives, and it seemed appropriate to adjust the title from "Ballet Basics at Taylor".

The 2029/30 season of performances has begun, and every week there are numerous offerings of dance companies and projects being presented, both here in NYC and all around the world. Making choices of what to see is often based on the named dances and choreographers, and what I may or may not know about them. Below I remember some of the dances that put me where I am. I doubt it is readily possible to see them performed on stage today, and I am sad that this is the case. I will start with works that are fading into legend rather than being readily performed. These are dances that shaped my career and perspectives. I have no doubt the list will be decidedly different for you!

(Prof.) Rex Nettleford was one of the founding artistic directors of the National Dance Theatre Company (NDTC) of Jamaica in the West Indies. He was also a prolific choreographer, determined to develop a dance aesthetic that reflected Jamaican culture and experience. Many of the 1962 founding dancers were trained in conservatories in London and New York City, and would choreograph their own legacies in this tradition, while I was a young dancer training under them. Two dances by Nettleford have stayed with me since first seeing them performed in their premiere years, Street People (1973) and The Crossing (1978).

Street People photo: NDTC website.
pictured are two of my favorite Afro-Caribbean folk teachers,
Jackie Guy and Joyce Campbell!

NDTC performed Street People on tour at Brooklyn Academy of Music (BAM) in NYC and it was descriptively reviewed in the New York Times, April 9th 1974, by Don McDonagh: "The thing that most characterizes the Jamaicans is their relentlessness in presenting movement, song or music. They never try to overpower the viewer, but persistently and lyrically pour waves of sound and motion out like a net to catch attention." "Street People is ... about casual encounters in a large city. It emerges as a series of dalliances with laughter never far away, as a street preacher tries to ward off the inevitable slip from grace. The décor suggests a poor neighborhood by one with a rich capacity for enjoyment. In other hands the piece might have emerged as an angry social protest; in Mr. Nettleford's it was distinctly pleasureful."

The Crossing photos: NDTC Facebook
pictures include Patsy Ricketts and Barry Moncrieffe, Jamaicans who trained in NYC at Dance Theatre of Harlem and at Martha Graham respectively, and who helped shape NDTC's place in global dance recognition

For me, The Crossing was a bold, unflinching portrait of an African-American experience of The Middle Passage. Set to excerpts from Quincy Jones' score for the 1977 US television series "Roots", Nettleford blended contemporary and Afro-Caribbean movement languages to illustrate the beautiful and grotesque extremes of the events that included images of majestic African ceremony, willful death, slavery, striving for hope through community. 

Sulkari performed by NDTC. Photo: NDTC Facebook

Jamaica's proximity to Cuba was more than geographic, in dance we shared dancers and traditions. Eduardo Rivero-Walker was born and raised in Jamaica before he moved to Cuba, and become an anchor of Cuban contemporary dance throughout the 20th century. My first experience of Rivero-Walker's choreography was seeing his Sulkari performed by NDTC, when I was already pursuing a ballet career in the UK. My friends and peers at NDTC were joining the legacy of redefining Afro-Caribbean dance inspired by a range of African cultures, in this case Yoruba. You can find a Cuban studio film of Sulkari on YouTube - Sulkari.

photo from Ballet Nacional de Cuba on Facebook

Alberto Méndez is a Cuban choreographer whose celebrated pas de deux El Rio Y El Bosque was created for Ballet Nacional de Cuba (BNC) and I had the privilege of seeing it performed in Jamaica when the BNC was on tour in the 1970's. It brought classical ballet and Afro-Carribean dance together by literal representation of the female, Oshún (el Rio) character sur pointe in a decorative unitard, and the male, Oggún (el Bosque) clad only in a raffia skirt, trunks and in soft ballet shoes. Ignoring present day interpretations of gendered roles in dance, I recall being struck by the beauty of the sensual and sinuous qualities represented in both the elongated elegance of the pliant woman on pointe, and the grounded power of the man with a rippling spine to turn, jump and lift the woman. While there are other versions of the pas de deux available online, my preference is this blurry recording that is attractive to me because of my memory of seeing it performed live!

Every debut is a world premiere! It just depends on your perspective.

A debut performance for dancers, companies, production teams (and indeed this also applies to performing musicians, actors, et al) can sound like something a little less than a world premiere. Yet the reality is that for the above mentioned, their debut performance will be the benchmark of their experience with that specific work for the rest of their lives, and their personal world premiere. I recently completed re-staging "Company B" for Richmond Ballet's first ever Paul Taylor dance. My informal poll of the dancers and the audience indicated that almost none of them had ever seen "Company B", or any other Taylor works, while many knew his name. 

With Richmond Ballet dancers ready to perform "Company B". Photo: Sarah Ferguson

Still, no matter how much you may have read or heard about a dance, there is nothing that will ever replace the first time you actually dance in it, or see it performed live for the first time. The first cast and production you experience will be the performance with whom and with which you will associate every subsequent performance of the work. Hopefully the experience is a positive one, or at least engaging enough for you to care about returning for another show. 

With another cast of Richmond Ballet dancers in "Company B". Photo: Sarah Fergurson

I am not saying that the first performance of a work will be the only, or even the most storied, memory against which all other performances of that work will be measured. Only that for dancers it is their introduction of themselves to an audience within the framework of a particular dance.

Rehearsal with Josiah, Madeline and dancers of Richmond Ballet. Photo: Molly Huey

The first day that I walk into a studio as a rehearsal director to begin re-staging a dance, I remember what it was like to be early in my performance career with very little knowledge of what to expect. I did not grow up surrounded by dance and theatre, even though I did start dance classes when I was seven. As a young professional, I found myself decidedly behind my peers in terms of knowledge about the ballets, the dances, and the choreographers whose work I would be performing. In some ways this probably served me well, as I had no pre-conceived notions about what roles I might be dancing, or how hard/easy a work might be to learn and perform. 

Richmond Ballet in "Company B". Photo: Sarah Ferguson

The first step of programming a Taylor dance for a company is most often the choice of its Artistic Director, and at Richmond Ballet this is Ma Cong! I am grateful that his invitation, as familiar colleagues, provided me the opportunity to get back in a studio with dancers. Before the debut performances are revealed to audiences, the public must be enticed to know what and when such events will take place. Once upon a time word-of-mouth was likely the only option for marketing. Then came print: flyers and posters; soon after there would be advertisements in news publications. Radio was probably the next innovation to expand mass communications, and film reels and television would add to the attractiveness of what we were being told with synchronized visual action. A world wide web of electronic communications and wireless access led us to the previously unimaginable world of social media. 

Richmond Ballet in "Company B". Photo: Sarah Ferguson

While I might not be quite a luddite, as my generation is often described, I have to admit that writing this blog illustrates my preference for reading and writing, over video and reliance on images to speak for myself. Stepping along my proposed timeline of mass communication, I have engaged with interviewers for their podcasts in the hopes that my words might catch the curiousity of a listener enough to take a seat at a dance performance. My most recent interview was conducted by Lisa Ruth Niemeier, who is a musician and podcaster based in Richmond. She introduced herself to me after the opening night at Richmond Ballet, and asked to interview me. I thought that if we were going to talk about Paul Taylor and "Company B", wouldn't it be best to give listeners the opportunity to still catch a performance over their second weekend run at the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts. So we conducted the interview on Sunday, and you can listen to it HERE! 

Paul Taylor's dances are most commonly performed by the company that bears his name, and Paul Taylor Dance Company's upcoming performances over the next few months include Southport CT (9/19), Minneapolis MN (9/26), Denver CO (10/17), Bronx NY (10/24).

Then they can be seen at the David H. Koch Theater, Lincoln Center in New York City NY in seven performances a week from November 3 - 22. Each performance is a different combination of works selected from 16 dances, spanning 11 Taylor dances, 2 world premieres, 2 company premieres, and 1 New York premiere.

Navigating one's vulnerability as a professional performer.

I had set out to write this post at the beginning of August, and here it is, September! Yikes! A lot took place for me in the past month, and I found myself reflecting on what parts of my psyche served me better as a performer than as an administrator. I am who I am, and at the same time, I need to remember to balance the "roles" I play as a member of any given culture or organization. In simple terms my work life vacillates between Arts manager, archivist, dance teacher, rehearsal director, advocate, and (content) writer. This August put me though my paces in all capacities (well I thought about what I wanted to write! LOL). 

Me rehearsing Richmond Ballet in "Company B" by Paul Taylor. Photo: Molly Huey

I wrote about keeping archives alive in an earlier post Paul Taylor's vocabulary which provides a little explanation about that binder I am holding in my hand!

There is an interesting paradox in pursuing a profession of performing for an audience of strangers, you are asked to be vulnerable in the studio and on stage while being invulnerable to the reality that you cannot control how others may perceive you. In everyday life we learn acceptable behaviour, more often than not, from the consequences of what is unacceptable. On stage and in the studio dancers/actors/singers are consistently asked to let the world see their vulnerabilities to create a belief that observer and performer could be/feel the same as "humans". I believe this to be the essence of "theatre" where performers are metaphors of the myriad experiences of observers through their artful work. 

"Speaking in Tongues" & "Black Tuesday"
with Annmaria Mazzini & Maureen Mansfield. Photos: Lois Greenfield

In September 2026, Los Angeles Ballet will have their company premiere of Taylor's "Dilly Dilly" at the Broad Stage Theater in Santa Monica, CA, and Richmond Ballet will have their company premiere of Taylor's "Company B" at the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts in Richmond, VA. You could also see Paul Taylor Dance Company performing Taylor works alongside new works by the likes of Robert Battle and Pam Tanowitz in NY, CT, and MN.

No matter the venue, for audiences, the dancers will be the heart of the performance. The choreography, costumes, production, and lighting provide the framework for them to be larger than life so that every viewer might connect with them. And it is my privilege to be shepherding Paul Taylor's dances and the alumni who stage the works. Having the opportunity to continue re-staging a Taylor dance myself is a welcome opportunity to hone the documentation I have been generating for use by our stagers (see my post Stager/Rehearsal Director/Répétiteur). Most recently, the rehearsal director at Richmond Ballet, Igor Antonov, was assigned to care for "Company B" following my time with them. I was extremely appreciative of his detailed care through which we adjusted oversights and mistakes in my documentation. However, this only served to underline that such documentation is only a memory aid for the "person at the front of the rooom" who is responsible to know how to communicate the roles to the dancers. 

I like to paraphrase Paul Taylor where he would say that individual steps are less important than the intent they were designed to convey. Yet Taylor did typically provide us with very specific steps and sequences as he built his choreography. The final sequences may ultimately vary somewhat from one dancer to the next, yet Taylor was always clear about striving for how choreographed movement had a purpose. So artistic decisions have to be made for the dancer learning to perform a role, by the stager. This leads back to the importance of knowledge and documentation that provides both context and possibilities beyond physical movement.

If you check out the Balanchine Foundation interviews on YouTube, I found that a very common tenet heard is that the steps of a dance are only the very beginning of understanding how to perform a role. Dancers must learn to give up their preconceptions of how to execute a movement in service of finding how technique serves intent and performance. In 1983, Paul Taylor created a "pièce d'occasion" for Suzanne Farrell and Peter Martins titled, "Musette" to music by Handel. In a NY Times interview, Miss Farrell is quoted, "Paul's movement is fun." And, "I always try to do exactly what the choreographers I work with want me to do. So I refuse to be bothered about whether the movement in a dance is strange or not." 

Taylor's "Musette", Peter Martins & Suzanne Farrell. Photo: Linda Vartoogian

In closing my musings for today, there is a wonderful interview on The Kael Report which is unfortunately behind a pay wall. But here are a few highlights quotes from Michael Novak, the current Artistic Director of Paul Taylor Dance Company, named by Mr. Taylor. I am guessing that anyone that has learned a Taylor dance from me, might have heard similar sentiments.

Michael Novak. Photo: Travis Caperton

"There is a craft and technique to the Taylor style in terms of line, épaulement and how your body reads from the front. There are tricks of illusion that happen. We definitely look at that and coach it."

"Gesture for Paul was more, I think, than just movement. It was how you communicate. It was how you express yourself. How you make a certain shape and the clarity you give something can have meaning. Whether or not Paul told us what it was about—and he usually didn’t—he wanted that space for a gesture to read."

"When you come and see Paul’s art, you’re seeing that he saw the theatre—the proscenium—as a picture frame. Everything you’re seeing inside it is a moving picture. If you like visual art, that may be a way in."

Quotes from Michael Novak's interview with Harold Finley for The Kael Report, August 2026.